U.S. carry laws evolved from 1800s restrictions to modern permit systems and now widespread constitutional carry.
As of 2026, most states allow permitless carry, though rules still vary by state.
The 2022 Bruen decision expanded concealed carry access nationwide.
Globally, the U.S. is unique in broadly protecting civilian concealed carry rights.
Definition & Basics
What is Concealed Carry?
Concealed carry means legally carrying a firearm in a way that is secure on your person and hidden from public view. Millions of responsible gun owners choose to conceal carry for a variety of reasons, but the overall objective is to ensure that they have a firearm on them in the event of a self-defense incident while also not alarming the public by open carrying.
The history of concealed carry is as old as America itself. At one time, it was actually considered more polite to carry your weapon openly. The public perception at the time was that a concealed weapon could only be used for nefarious reasons. Over time, this changed as views around firearms and public policy shifted.
By examining concealed carries past and current place in American legislation and throughout the world, we can get an idea of where the attitude surrounding concealed carry might be headed next.
Open Carry vs. Concealed Carry
Open carry: Firearm is visible in a holster or slung across the body.
Concealed carry: Firearm is hidden but accessible for self-defense.
Open carry is legal in many states but often draws attention or concern. Concealed carry allows discretion, giving carriers a lower profile in public spaces.
Carrying concealed is often viewed as more responsible in today's climate both by 2A and gun control activists as the perception is the objective is not to intimidate, but to solely be prepared should a self-defense incident occur.
Why Concealed Carry Matters
Concealed carry laws directly affect personal safety, legal rights, and self-defense opportunities.
According to the Crime Prevention Center, more than 21 million U.S. adults hold active permits in 2025
That means over 8% of American adults have a concealed carry permit
For many, it represents a balance between exercising constitutional freedoms and maintaining public security.
History of Concealed Carry Laws
Origins in the U.S.
Concealed carry restrictions began in the early 1800s in states like Kentucky and Louisiana.
At the time, open carry was considered “honorable,” while hidden weapons were seen as deceitful.
Cultural Attitudes and Early Restrictions
By the mid-19th century, many states prohibited concealed carry. These bans were often tied to fears of violence and crime in rapidly growing towns.
Landmark Court Cases
Nunn v. State (1846): Georgia’s Supreme Court upheld bans on concealed carry while affirming open carry rights under the Second Amendment.
This case set a precedent that states could regulate methods of carry but not eliminate the right entirely.
Shifts Over Time
In the 20th century, states shifted toward regulated permits. By the 2000s, momentum moved toward constitutional carry, removing permit requirements in many states.
Today, over 29 states have permitless carry, though it is advised to still seek a permit for many reasons, especially travel, and understanding reciprocity in states you may travel to.
Concealed Carry in the United States
Federal vs. State Authority
The federal government defines broad constitutional rights.
States determine most details: permits, training, and enforcement.
Permit Systems
Shall-issue: Permits must be issued if requirements are met (most common today).
May-issue: Authorities can deny permits even if requirements are met (e.g., California pre-Bruen).
No-issue: Almost extinct but once applied in states like Hawaii.
Current Landscape
As of 2025, 29 states allow permitless carry and 21 states require permits.
States vary widely on training and background check requirements.
Training and Background Checks
Some states mandate live-fire training courses.
Others only require an online safety course.
Universal requirement: federal background checks on firearm purchases.
Even if your state is permitless carry, it is advised to still seek a permit and proper training for your own benefit or in the event you travel.
Recent Developments
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022) struck down New York’s “proper cause” requirement.
Result: Expanded access to concealed carry nationwide, invalidating discretionary permit laws in several states.
See also → Right To Bear Reciprocity Map
Concealed Carry Globally
Europe
Most European nations prohibit civilian concealed carry.
The Czech Republic is a notable exception, issuing permits after mandatory training.
Latin America
Brazil allows concealed carry under strict conditions.
Mexico heavily restricts civilian firearms, with very limited carry options.
Asia
Nations like Japan and South Korea enforce near-total bans on firearms.
Concealed carry for civilians is essentially nonexistent.
Cultural Values
U.S.: Concealed carry is tied to personal liberty and self-defense.
Europe and Asia: Focus is on public safety and preventing firearm access.
The debate over whether access to guns prevents shootings is endless, but there is some evidence to support that when one weapon is restricted, another will become the weapon of choice for criminals.
For example: there were over 50,000 incidences of a “knife or sharp instrument” being used in violent offenses in England and Wales.
Constitutional Carry Explained
Definition
Constitutional carry allows citizens to carry concealed firearms without a state-issued permit. The idea of constitutional carry is rooted in the idea that the Second Amendment itself is the “permit.”
Permits vs. Constitutional Carry
Permit systems: Require training, background checks, and fees.
Constitutional carry: Eliminates these requirements but still requires federally mandated background checks on firearm purchases.
In 2026, 29 states have adopted constitutional carry.
Pros and Cons
Supporters: Protects freedoms, reduces bureaucracy, empowers citizens.
Opponents: Reduces training standards, raises safety concerns, and may increase risk of accidents.
Practical Aspects of Concealed Carry
Carry Permit Process
Steps often include:
Application submission
Fingerprinting and background checks
Training or safety courses
Fees ranging from $25 to $200 depending on state
Carrying Methods
Outside-the-waistband (OWB) holsters
Pocket and ankle holsters
Off-body carry (purses, bags with holster compartments)
These options vary between men and women as well as the season as more or less clothing is required. Regardless of what holster you choose, training with your choice and outfit is very important to prevent any issues and identify how your technique changes.
Common Misconceptions
A permit does not override federal laws like gun-free school zones.
Concealed carry does not guarantee immunity from prosecution if a firearm is misused.
Always be aware of where you are and your approach to carry when restricted zones.
Responsibilities of Carriers
Secure firearms at all times.
Avoid brandishing or accidental exposure (“printing”).
Stay current on self-defense and firearm laws in your state.
Conclusion and Future Outlook
The United States continues to expand access to concealed carry, especially through constitutional carry laws. The future will depend on new court rulings, legislative changes, and shifting public opinion. Balancing self-defense rights with public safety will remain at the center of the debate.
Regardless of where your state falls in the constitutional versus permit required debate, the best way to maintain and foster a culture of responsible gun ownership is through following the law and proper training. By doing that, you embody the constitution itself and maintain your safety in the event of a self-defense incident without causing undue harm.
Frequently Asked Questions:
What is the difference between concealed carry and open carry?
Concealed carry hides the firearm; open carry displays it openly.
Which states allow constitutional carry in 2026?
29 states including Texas, Florida, Ohio, and Tennessee
How did concealed carry laws develop historically?
They evolved from early 1800s bans, through 20th-century permit systems, to today’s widespread permitless carry.
Do I need a permit in my state?
Yes in 21 states, no in 29 states with constitutional carry.
Is constitutional carry safe?
Supporters cite freedom and deterrence. Critics warn of reduced training standards and higher risks.
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